What mental state applies when one is aware that their conduct is reasonably certain to cause a result?

The mental state described in the question corresponds to the term "knowingly." When someone acts with knowledge, they are consciously aware that their actions are likely to result in a specific consequence. This means they understand that their behavior has a certain potential outcome that is not just a possibility, but rather a certainty based on their actions.

For example, if a person throws a rock into a crowded area, they may know that their action is reasonably certain to cause harm to someone. This awareness constitutes the mental state of "knowingly." It indicates a higher level of awareness and intent than negligence, which involves a failure to be aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk.

In contrast, "willful" implies a deliberate intention to bring about a particular result, which can sometimes be more focused on the outcome rather than the awareness of the action's certainty of causing that outcome. "Negligent" reflects a lack of awareness that leads to unintended consequences. "Carelessly" typically conveys a similar lack of regard for the risks involved without explicit knowledge of the outcome being likely. Each of these terms describes different levels of awareness and intention associated with a person's actions, but "knowingly" accurately captures the idea of being aware that conduct is reasonably certain to